Nooks not Books -digital media

 Main Argument: My main argument for this essay is that books will become completely digitized in the future, no matter what kind of book causing a need of revision for the Darnton's Communication Circuit, editing out binders and printers, while changing shipping processes and supplies needed. Whether it be for record keeping, entertainment, or personal use, the book as a print model will cease to exist. As it is remediated, losing the physical aspect of reading, it will continue down the path of modern society, and books will then not only have digitized aspects, but new created material will start on the computer and change into the genre of electronic literature, causing in the late future, for digitized books to be more minimal, and electronic literature to become the new medium. Electronic literature will create a whole new aspect for reading making it more exciting through animation, sounds, and text movement. I argue this because with technology continuing to grow and continuing to become more interactive, electronic literature will become a more fun and integrated way of reading. It is part of our society to update and converge everyday items and the print world is now apart of the convergence cycle.

I specified my argument from printers will not exist anymore to that books will slowly but surely completely change its medium. Books instead will start out digitized with non-moving graphics and no sound, then start to change into the genre of electronic literature, creating mini-genres inside this mass genre for horror, comedy, fantasy, fiction, non-fiction, etc. The electronic literature aspect is in the long term future, but I do believe our books will slowly become more like "text movies" meaning that you are not only reading the book, you are watching and listening to its surroundings and animations added to create the mood as well.



I will use ideas from my sources about how this will happen and why this will happen. In Adams and Barker they speak about how Darnton's Communication Circuit focus's on the people aspect of the book rather than the book aspect of the book. They believe the shipper and binder should not be included and that publishing, manufacturing, distribution, reception, and survival should be the continuous circuit. This will begin my paper, as this new way of writing the circuit started my idea on the Darnton's Communication Circuit.

With Karen Coyle's reading she explains that because of scanning improvements this has improved the idea of digitized books and digital online libraries as well as with Crowley's article in how modernism will cause an inevitable conversion from print media to digital media; these readings will help me focus on why books are becoming digital.

Paul Duguid will show the opposite side of the argument, that books are being said goodbye to too quickly. I will challenge his argument with the data I have found.

Finally Katherine Hayles's article will be of great importance because I believe that this is what will happen to books. They will become electronic literature, almost changing electronic literature from a genre of what it is now, to a format. A book won't be just something you read out in the sun on the beach. It'll be an adventure with animation, sound, moving text, etc. Something that puts you almost inside the moment as if you are the text itself.

Annotated Bibliography

Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." A Potencie of Life: Books in Society. (1993): 43-62. Web. 29 Nov. 2010  (little confused on how to do this because i am following the MLA format journal article for an online database and do not have the search engine it was found in..)
In Adam and Barkers "New Model for the Study of the Book" they argue that Darnton's Communication Circuit focus's more on the people making the books then the books themselves. They said to revise the circuit the circuit should focus more on the book. So they believed the circuit should cancel the shipper and binder all together. Adam and Barkers believe the model should go in a continuous circuit of publishing, manufacturing, distribution, reception and survival because Darnton's circuit nodes are more of outside things influenced by the book. This argument will help with my paper, because this is where I got my idea about books becoming digitized books then electronic literature all together, slowly but surely extincting the print world.


Coyle, Karen. "Mass Digitization of Books." The Journal of Academic Librarianship 32.6 (2006): 641-645. Science Direct. Web. 29 Nov. 2010.
 In Karen Coyle's article she speaks of how digitization is occurring through many different media sites, such as Google, JSTOR, Microsoft and universities that are working with similar sites to create online library databases. She believes that digitized books are largely to due with improvements in scanning. This article will help me with explaining how these online libraries with digitized articles and books are an improvement from print sources.  

Crowley, David. "Doing Things Electronically." Canadian Journal of Communication 19.1 (1994): n.pag. Web. 30 Nov. 2010
David Crowley speaks about how technology has began to influence our thoughts of communication in a technological standard. David Crowley thesis is that there is a growth of communication through technology and that the role of media continues with the role of modernity. He explains like other things that have converged and are converging at this moment, such as from the telegraph to the telephone, print will too continually converge to electronic books.

 Darnton, Robert."Darton's Communication Circuit". The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France (1995) 189. History Cooperative. Web. 30 Nov. 2010.
The Darton's Communication Circuit is the primary source of my argument. The Darton's Communication Circuit is a  continuous circle putting the author, publisher, printers, shippers, booksellers and readers all connected. Inside the flow chart is a venn diagram that connects the economic and social conjuncture of communication with political and legal sanctions and intellectual influences and publicity. As well as the readers are connected to the binder and the Printers are connected to the suppliers. This is the original communication circuit and I will be arguing about if their is a need for printers, suppliers booksellers and binders in the future.


Duguid, Paul. "The Past Matters: The Past and Futurology of the Book." The Future of the Book. (1996): 494-505. Web. 29 Nov. 2010
In Paul Duguid's argument, he believes we are saying too quickly goodbye to the book when it should be here to stay for quite a long time. The book is more than just text on paper, its a safe keeper, record keeper, etc. He believes before we speak of serious alternatives for the book, we need to understand all aspects of it. This will be good for my paper cause it shows the other side of the argument, which I feel like is key in an argumentative paper.

Hayles, Katherine. "Electronic Literature: What is it?" Electronic Literature (2007) 1-22. Electronic Literature Organization. Web. 30 Nov. 2010
In Katherine Hayles first chapter of Electronic Literature she speaks about how the Electronic Literature Organization explains the Electronic Literature is literature that was originally meant to be read from a computer and originated on a computer, rather than books being digitized. This article will help me because I believe in the future that we will start creating electronic literature than printing books and also making them digitized.  The article speaks about how literature will utilize the electronic literature world and  how graphics, text, and sounds are changing with the change of literature to electronic literature.

KINDLES & THE NEW WORLD

As I read through readings something kept coming up throughout the weeks; electronic literature. This genre is a whole new form of how we might continue to do things. I believe that electronic literature will in the future completely eliminate written literature and everything will just be a click away.

The new argument I'd like to make, would be the libraries and any paper will cease to exist in the future. Not only for the "saving paper" movement, even though electricity uses and destroys natural resources as well at the moment,  but for the easier access. I wouldn't even be surprised if later in the future all classes became online..
Which might actually be a better topic for me to discuss...I dunno please leave comments on what might be a more interesting topic!

anyways I think the electronic world is getting extremely interesting. I went from having no electronics besides easy calculators in elementary school, to starting to use the internet/websites for middle and high school classes, and now in college it is a lot more online class work and online class sites. I feel like this interesting thing of print text could be brought to a more specific argument of this...

These are all random thoughts...so ya...haha..

Printers no more.

For my proposal, I would like to extend my argument that printers will not be needed any more and literature will be read through internet devices/online books rather than through printed materials. I would not say I would be using the online gaming reference side of this with our reading and characters, as much as previous readings including the Darnton's Communication Circuit.

I am taking this from really understanding this side, and getting praise from Julie about it. I think a large part of our readings have integrated this subject into their articles, as well as that this is our future so I feel like its an important topic to discuss. With our world today, technology is becoming more important, and in fact, when speaking to a classmate she told me that throughout her years working at a library, they have definitely seen a lower interest in people checking out books, compared to using the internet.

Throughout our readings, especially during weeks 11, 10, and 2, we speak about how literature is changing its medium. Overall, this topic is one I think I can create a strong argument for. The argument being that Electronic Literature will completely take over Print in the future.

Good meaning bad or bad meaning good?

As we have learned, many writers, such as Aristotle, believed that when print occurred the words and stories lost feeling and we became lazy as story tellers and as students. In the readings from Electronic Literature by N. Katherine Hayes she speaks about how people have used technology to tell a story with words, in creating 3-D designs as well as how technology is ingrained into our minds nowadays and how all books are now technically digital, with this in mind as well as after watching "Bust Down Your Doors" by Young-Hae Chang Heavy Industries, do you believe that technology is ruining the print industry, like Aristotle believed print ruined story-telling? Please explain, and use an example besides Bust Down Your Doors.

In the articles Katherine Hayes explains authors that use 3D animation with their words with an expensive projectile system at some colleges. Like in David Knoebel's "Heart Pole" where he has a curcular globe of words, and two rings spinning in 90 degrees having to do with the story of the narrators mother singing him to sleep and the moment between waking up and sleeping. Or like in Screen, where David uses three CAVE walls and while the narrators are reading them, the words start falling off the "walls" and the readers can't put the words back as fast as they are falling down.All finally ending on the ground.

This is my example of how technology has enhanced print media. Print media can now be interpreted in different ways. Not in acting but in a more symbolic sense. If I watched a scene like this occur in front of me, the words would not only be telling me a story but would be showing me a story. The feeling of Screen would be intense, and stressful as I tried to read the words before they fell on the ground. Sound that can be added, like in Bust Down Your Doors, change in pace of words showing, where they are shown, or where they fall add an extreme drama to them.

So I believe that technology is helping portray written words in a more poetic way. If I'm reading a text and it has soft somber music with it, I'll find it peaceful. If I'm reading text and they are flashing in all over the page, I will feel intense. Technology will help us and let us go far in life with written text and changing it to feelings through action, it is our new form of story telling. Instead of us using our hands, voice, and facial expressions we are using font size, digital sound, pictures, swooping, sliding, rotating, flashing, etc text, and more. We are changing, and to me upgrading.

Suppliers and Printers won't be needed in the future!

In Adam and Barkers "New Model for the Study of the Book" they argue that Darnton's Communication Circuit focus's more on the people making the books then the books themselves. They said to revise the circuit the circuit should focus more on the book. So they believed the circuit should cancel the shipper and binder all together. Adam and Barkers believe the model should go in a continuous circuit of publishing, manufacturing, distribution, reception and survival because Darnton's circuit nodes are more of outside things influenced by the book.

I would like to focus on the connection of the printer and suppliers.  Under Darnton's printer node compositors, pressmen, and warehousemen are starting to change. Our technology is going digital, through ipads, kindles, computers, etc. With these new technologies, like the kindle, we are losing the need for warehouse men, at least in the category of actually making the books. We are now using warehousemen to make things like kindles, where you can hold multiple books and purchase books via the kindle rather than having to go to a bookstore, choose between a hard copy and a paperback and prices. In our technology culture I wouldn't be surprised that if in several years they start doing textbooks this way for school children. This would cut off printers all together and the connection with suppliers.

The suppliers such as paper, ink, type and labor will not be needed. All that will be needed are electronic writings of the book. Paper will almost be non-existent, which I guess will be good for the environmental activists? I don't know, but I believe that this all will completely happened and has definitely started too. So once this does happen and our books become electronic completely, these nodes will be non-existent and the model will need to revised yet again.

This is shorter than usual...but I think I got my point across.

The pledge changes so much for the pledge of allegiance...

"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."

The Pledge of Allegiance as read above is the most current pledge students in public schools, fans of sports games, and political events say when facing a flag with their hand on their heart. SADLY, I actually had to look up the correct words to the pledge and after looking them up on a random site, I found a whole new approach to this blog.

When I was younger, from about kindergarten through 5th grade, I always believed that it said "one nation, under God, INVISIBLE, with liberty and justice for all." So this completely made sense to me, because God is invisible to us (us believers anyways). I just assumed it was going on about what God was. For this example, if invisible was the word instead of indivisible, or unable to divide, then the meaning would change for students to a more religious meaning.

As well as, to go off on this that because God is in the Pledge of Allegiance the saying already has a religious feel to it. I would not be surprised that if in a few generations from mine that the Pledge is changed yet again, due to the rapid revolution of the evolution theory, causing less people to be strong believers in Christianity.

To continue on this in http://www.oldtimeislands.org/pledge/pledge.htm webpage, it has a article called The Pledge of Allegiance-A Short History. This is where I got the Pledge from and then I began to read the article...it explained interesting aspects that totally relate to Crain explanation of how one word can change an entire meaning of something, such as A is for apple not for Abraham (more christianic value) - yes I think I just made up the word Christianic... anyways...

In this article it speaks about how the Pledge has changed throughout the years. The original Pledge was created by Francis Bellamy. It was " I pledge allegiance to my flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. He was a major activist for equality but was afraid that putting equality into the Pledge would cause superintendents in education to not consider it during the flag raising ceremony  and flag salute because women were not considered equal, nor were Africa-Americans. (I also believe any ethnicity was not considered equal to Caucasian correct?). If equality was in the pledge of allegiance this might have molded our childrens minds into believing that everyone should be equal...this would have made a huge step into making everyone have equal rights if it had occurred so early back in 1892.

So kind of like how Crain speaks about the Tom Thumb's Play-Book about how we need to teach children their letters as soon as they can speak to basically mold their minds into learning our language, the Pledge is like molding the children to understand the fundamental foundation our country believes in.. So children learn I pledge allegiance to the flag (meaning the flag must be important to our country), of the United States of America (the country they live in) and to the Republic for which it stands (Who the flag is for ), one nation (us), under God (he must be the superior one), Indivisible (The US is unstoppable), with liberty and justice for all (everyone should be nice and fair to everyone.) Just with that context alone it shows that words are key to anyone.

Some pro-life advocates recite the pledge the same except add, born and unborn to the end of the pledge while some liberals add with equality to between indivisible and liberty. Both of these changes could complete alter what goes on in my head. While equality would not alter in my head as much because we are equal now in the United States (technically), the born and unborn part would change my mind if it had been embedded at such a young age as well as for me to continuously say it for 180 days for 13 years of my life...while i am pro-choice I believe that if I had been put into this situation it might have changed my thoughts.

Oh hey thats way closer than it looked!

In both texts they spoke about maps. In Harley he spoke about how maps are deliberately altered, mostly for strategy while in Farman he spoke about Google Earth and how people can actually put in pictures as well as that country aerial maps can be taken off (Japan wanted this). This is more for privacy issues since its real pictures on whatever is going on a that moment..

So with the first PHYSICAL change of a map, I had no idea what to write about or an example that would work...then I got to thinking. As I worked at a Radio station this summer, we went to TONS of events, parades, fairs, etc. Each event had a map of some sort to show where we were located or where things were going on. Some booths looked bigger than others on the map, even though all the booths were the same size. I believe this is deliberate distortion. The more popular the company, or the more the company paid, it seemed the bigger the deal they were on the map. Even if two stage concerts were the same size, if one had a more popular artist, then that concert stage was bigger. This brought people more towards that booth, cause as most would think the bigger the booth or stage the more popular it must be! I think that is pretty straight forward on distortion.

Now when I think about digital maps...I think about my beloved iPhone <3...love this thing....anyways, the iPhone has a beloved feature called Maps! This is a GPS system so this is a common use besides just on the iPhone. Now the GPS system and Maps app on the iPhone finds where you are and takes you where you need to be. I think this is us definitely taking advantage of the social networking tools. If I miss a turn then I just re-route myself, GPS does it by itself.... It is a blessing and I think that physical maps are just going out of  business due to this new technology. If there has been a change, such as of location of a business or a change in traffic/closed roads, I can get past that through this technology. They can show me different routes to still get to the same location.

I definitely think maps will always be used, but with our technology they will definitely be used in a more high-tech way.

Piracy...is anything truly ever said by anyone?

In both the articles of The Book of Nature and the Nature of the Book and  Thomas's article we see that piracy has always been a problem. In the Book of Nature and the Nature of the Book the author explains that back in the day it was roughly 90 to 1 on stolen text material. Thats an extremely high number. Thomas's reading was mostly about the 13th century and talked about the reproductions of material where when they would write a book, re-write it, because in the 13th century they didn't have printers, names could be changed on the author, having multiple others for one story. They as well kind of changed the stories of the book at times and what the outcome was. This is all cheating though nowadays.

Now my argument is that it is not the same back in the day with the consequences that occur, but I do agree people do the same time of stuff as they did back in the day. Now when it comes to consequences, back in the day you could not be kicked out of school or even arrested as you can today ( if the fine is big enough ) . This piracy definitely brings me back to music piracy and movie piracy - I mean they are technically writers - but I feel like that this is another difference because this form of piracy can get you into jail and rack up fines like crazy...anyways...back to the main point...so the consequences are very different nowadays because If I were to plagiarize and got caught by a teacher I would fail the paper, maybe be kicked out of the class, and kicked out of the college. If I were to be caught by the website, book, paper, etc I took it from, thats copyright infringement aka i'm getting sued up the ass. The consequences are severe nowadays.

However, I do agree that people still do the same things as they did back in the day. People that pirate stolen text all the time and make it as there own, its wrong and most get caught; however, lots don't and get away with stealing someones hard work (cough cough Vanilla Ice..)- he got caught though. People also change a few words in the paragraph and expect that to now be there work...uh nope not the case. Most people however think so and basically just copy the text. If not cited then this is plagiarism a form of piracy.

I think the moral of this subject is just not to do it...

woah this ones a doozy but I think I understand!

So I am late with my blog post, partly due to the text needing to be very much depicted to understand and partly because ALL of technology failed me yesterday...

Anyways, after reading a complicated article called "Images as the text:Pictographs and Pictographic Logic" I think I understand what everyone was trying to say, well what the author was trying to say through examples. In the introduction paragraphs the author states "A true pictograph functions as an image whose meaning is communicated through its visual form as a picture of something, whether the communication is effected through substitution or translation into language or not." Now I start to understand his definition of a pictograph as a picture that you can derive many meanings from.For example a sign of a person crossing the street next to a crosswalk. I can derive that if someone is walking and wants to cross I need to let them go before myself.

I should have said authors, so the authors Johanna Drucker and Jerome McGann explain a few different pictographic systems and writers that tried to make new types. The speak of the Mayans, Babylonians, Egyptians, etc. that all used a pictographic system to describe multiple things, for example like a picture of an eye, could actually mean an eye or I as the person. However these systems were called mixed systems. This meaning that the picture was also a syllabic, ideographic, logographic, and phonetic. My idea of this would be like a castle. Because it has many depictions, power, god-like, strong, rich, large, etc. Some people even get the phonetic parts of it, i always get that little "AHHH" from the heavens sound when i see old Egyptian tombs which are another good example (symbolize what someone stood for with whats inside the tomb, not death but afterlife,etc.)

Anyways, throughout the paper I am thinking that they are trying to say every image is a pictograph, like a picture is worth a thousand words type of deal. They use specific examples from the Sumerians clay tablets where they drew pictures to speak to one another on tablets. and to do the quantity of like twelve hands they'd draw out a hand and do the symbol for 12 that they had. This is like pictograph 101 the basics of pictographs.

Then it gets more technical....two philosophers Joachim Becher and Bishop John Wilkins tried to attempt to things through pictographs. They wanted to create signs that basically encoded everything in the universe..sounds like a lot of work to me...but they couldn't do it like I thought they couldn't because finding signs to decode the entire universe is way too complicated. as you can depict from the image the article gave us 
Like the authors said the signs were a code of a code, and much too complicated to read.

In the other reading, Text Script and Media by Scott Noegel he gives the notion that every single little thing is connected because that's how the world is strung along. He is more focused on speaking about how the cyber world is now connected to the writing world. As in on page two he says "If the medium is the message, then in ancient Mesopotamia the message was constructive; it was a creation, a message reminiscent of modern technophrases like "build a cyber portfolio" and "create a  website." In his example of Egypt, the clay was the medium of builders, papyrus was the medium of scribes, showing how class systems effected what you wrote on (usually scribes were much smarter than builders in school.) the Egyptians heiroglyphic signs were pictographs, for example the sign for growing, enjoying, and life was an apotropaic symbol that was on magical amulets ( so i'm believing that its saying God is the finder of all these.)

Basically in a broad description Noegel spoke about how many languages had many pictographs having to do with a God or the Bible and how the cyber-world is turning into a pictographic world its self. I believe at least...like the image of google means search engine, endless possibilities...


Okay now onto the actually assignment. So I believe a great symbol especially with all the religion talk is the cross. The cross is a form of text. The cross is a symbol or pictograph meaning sin, purity, death, love, Jesus, care, and more. In the Bible it says Jesus died for our sins; this is the depressing side of the symbolic expression, however on the plus side it also means that God forgives us for our sins so we are pure again, meaning happiness. Now I agree with the text on how everything is a symbol for a word in a way because to me everything is, a peanut butter sandwich, means food, life, giving, etc. thats a sandwich. Overall, like Noegel spoke about how everything is interconnected I believe it is, as well as how the first two authors explained that pictographs can be used, however I don't believe it would be easy to create an image that describes everything in this world, yes everything is connected by a long stretch, but to put that all in one pictograph would be tremendous work.

Hope I understood this right!

Blog Assignment Three :)

In the article "10 Reading Revolutions Before E-Books" by Time Carmody he gives a list of 10 defining reading revolutions in history that he believes changed the reading world to a strong extent. In his reading he describes that German Historian Rolf Engelsing made the phrase reading revolution through trying "to describe something he saw in the 18th century; a shift from "intensive" reading and re-reading of very few texts to "extensive" reading of many often only once, showing a step into modern reading, and the citizens of this world were becoming modern readers.

In Ong's Writing Reconstructures Consciousness it speaks about how we took writing from the get go, how it has evolved, and why we need it in our daily lives now. It speaks about languages developing in different areas of the world, from Hebrew, to Greek, to Japanese, to Chinese, to Korean, speaking of vowels, consonants, and characters, as well as, how languages created themselves, such as using other languages to develop their own. Without writing we could not have the strong technology we had; however this has its positives and negatives.

In Carmody's article I connected most  revolution #7 or the electronic age. The electronic age is the age of audiovisual media, cylinders, reels, and cassettes, etc and how they have become essential in our culture today. The electronic age has caused us to become more reliant on technology than ever. Technology to us is now a second-hand thing, at least in the United States and most European countries. If you don't know how to use a computer and you are under the age of 60, then you are considered an outcast of society.

This is where the positive and negatives come in to being such a technological driven world. With technology we are able to create and find things we could never compute before. Astronomically huge numbers are being solved by the computers in 3 seconds, while it'd take us 30 pages just to figure out the equation. The computer can hold information, edit information, and double-check our information, but with stronger intelligence comes the weaker less intelligent society that relies on the computer for most information, such as I. My computer is my internet web search, dictionary, fact sheet, calculator, thesaurus, and spell checker. My computer is my brain, not my brain is my computer. So many people rely on computers to solve all their problems, use great too much in a paper, the thesaurus on microsoft word can change that for you in two clicks! Our society has weakened in effort from technology but at the same time our technology has let us discover and solve tremendous (no I did not thesaurus tremendous) things.

 My thoughts correlate with Ong's text because in the section Plato, Writing, and Computers  Ong speaks about how Plato urged to resist the use of anything that did the work for you, such as writing things down so you didn't have to remember, because that caused your brain not to be exercised. Ong goes on to explain about how today parents fear that calculators provide an external resource just as writing does so it furth weakens the mind. Written text is also unresponsive, while a conversation is a banter of back and forth talking.However, without text Plato could not spread his word as far, and without books that were printed they could not put it down in text. As Ong says " Once the word is technologized there is no effective way to criticize what technology has done with it without the aid of the highest technology available."

Overall once technology was made it couldn't be stopped, it'll continue to grow with words and calculations and will never stop as the mind grows to new heights on what to create.

BLOG ASSIGNMENT TWO

       While reading Ong's handouts it was clear to me that language has been remediated from just spoken, to slowly written with pictures, to actually making letters, then making an entire alphabet with vowels and constants (there might be a few more steps but this is basically the mini history).

      Written text is always going to be related to oral communication by writing down how the sound is heard (or spelled). On page 9 of The Orality of Language, it is said that people learn words through listening and repeating, or through oral speech, rather than studying. Greeks were fascinated by oral speech and believed writing enhanced oral speech rather than reducing it.

        Before words, letters, etc. were created stories were told by word of mouth and if a mouth forgot to tell the story the story/history would be lost once they had passed. There are pros and cons of oral language compared to written such as written you can write down important history and have a larger vocabulary to describe, however oral language uses the persons verbal skills that help explain and interact with the listener as well as socialize with the listener. On page 14 of The Orality of Language it explains that without oral communication written text could not be made, and without written text the human mind could not reach its full potential, so hand in hand both types of languages are important to us and how we communicate as people.

      In The Modern Discovery of Primary Oral Cultures Ong shows an example of how Homer used previous poets works and put them together in the Iliad and the Odyssey. As the handout says poets were educated never to use cliches, so when it was found out Homer used mostly cliches for his poems it was threatening to dead literates. Nonetheless Homeric Greeks embraced cliches before a written language was developed because through oral language if the words had not been repeated they'd be lost.

     The Greek Alphabet was created between 720-700 BC. This creation caused a whole new phenomena. The making of the alphabet allowed Greek poets, philosophers, and even civilians to write down whatever they please no matter how random it was. One philosopher hated writing, his name was Pluto. He hated writing because he felt it was unresponsive and destructed the memory, losing intelligence and social benefits.

     However, after much thought, and actually noticing that my big interest and benefit was knowing that the original alphabet was made by the Semetic people had consisted of only constants and  some semivowels I decided this would be my remediation topic, since it was the thing that came up when I went to ask the question.

     The Semetic people made the first consonantal alphabet back in 2000 BC in Egypt. They derived the alphabet from the hieroglyphics. This is where the Hebrew and Phoenicians lived near the Mediterranean. It had 22 characters in it. It had names and a character list that was easy to memorize. The Greek actually came up with the word alphabet, because the Semetic people hadn't yet created vowels. The Greek made the word from their first two words alpha and beta.

    The Greek alphabet was created by a Greek who had learned the Phoenician script very early on when it was created. The diplyon inscription was the oldest substancial text dated back the the 8th century BC. The need for vowels was infinite for the Greek because so many of their words had vowel sounds in it, or sounds that weren't in the constants.The system of only consonants was called abjad and the Phoenician and Aramic alphabet both had it. The Aramaic alphabet actually occurred after the Phoenician for the script of the Persian Empire.

   The Greek remediated the Semetic people's alphabet because they did not have several Phoenician consonants in their language and many Phoenician letters didn't have Greek sounds, such as, the h sound became alpha instep of alep. So the Greeks made the new alphabet system to remediate, or better, the alphabet made.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet)

Music Devices Remediation

So as I read and looked at the definitions of remediation on pages 3 and 4 of Chapter 2's mediation and remediation, one thing kept popping up in my head...musical devices. I for one never even owned a mp3 player until ninth grade and never owned any sort of apple device until this year getting an iPhone. The way we have listened to music has been forever changing and will continue to change in the future.

The world has had many forms of listening to music. The world first started out with the phonograph.

This device was made my Thomas Edison in 1877. He learned how to record sound, and the first lyric ever recorded was Mary Had A Little Lamb...Quite different then what we usually here on radio stations today.
After this device was made, not another music device came around until the bulky jukebox after WWII. After the jukebox was created though, America began to see a much quicker musical device delivery system then before.

The record player came out in 1957. It was more modern of a system then ever before (well duh...) and it had an electric motor, another plus side about it was you didn't have to crank it at all like the phonograph. It was probably the coolest things to have, and the more records you had to play on your system the cooler and wealthier you seemed to be, kind of like the iPods, iTouchs, and iPhones today.

The cassette player, which my mom used in her teenage days to record music off of the radio, came in 1963 by the Phillps corporation. They were smaller then the record players, and the cassettes were much smaller than the records. I believe the cassette player started the hand held craze in the world because it was easier to carry around

The boombox was the big basically BOOM of the 80's generation, it started out a lot heavier then boomboxes today, and started out only playing cassettes. However, by the 90s when CD's came out they were playing CD's, cassettes, as well as continuous playing of the radio.

The cassette player was the first handheld device with earplugs and all. It came out very early in the 80s, and was along side the boombox on portable music. You could carry the cassette device for personal use while carrying the boombox for public use with friends.

The CD player was created in 1982 which began the crazy $20 a CD event. I remember I at least had 2,500 dollars in CD merchandise at the age of 8...crazy to me in fact. The CD's I believe actually weren't as cool as cassettes however, the CDs didn't have film so they broke a lot less easier and also later had cool designs on them to attract merchants.

In 1998 the first MP3 player was created by our east side Korea. This was a HUGE deal, I mean you could choose different artists and songs and put them all on ONE device. This was like with cassette players and boomboxs however, you just clicked and saved rather than sat and recorded. It brought the word into a whole new genre by using a computer to download and transfer music onto a device. The modern MP3 player, the kind and design we use today though was created by a German company who patented and licensed for their design, making billions in this market.

THE FIRST IPOD! Duh duh duh...Apple invented the Ipod in 2000 and it was the most advertised music player around. Tony Fadell is the person who have to thank for this music player and with this music player the entire world changed. I am guessing over 65% of Americans have owned some form of the Ipod in their life.

Something I never heard of until I researched the subject was a French company made the Mp4. This player started out the revolution of not only putting music on your music player but also videos, images, and text files...helping out apple immensely with ideas.

The Ipod craze continued with the touch controlled Ipod nano and then later producing the Itouch in 2007 where you could also get on the internet and receive millions of apps to download. In fact the newer Itouch has a 64GB of space availability, which could put what like 15 CDS on one device? Thats a huge step up in the medium.

The medium of musical devices is continually being remediated from the phonograph to a CD player shoe made in 2007. So much has been done in the musical device section of the world in the 130 years since it began.

I would go with the definition that "the goal of remediation is to refashion or rehabilitate other media. Furthermore, because all mediations are both real and mediations of the real, remediation can also be understood as a process of reforming reality as well" (pg. 3-4). Remediation as a reform in other words.
I would believe this because all inventors have done is refashion/rehabilitate or recreate the original music device the phonograph.  The phonograph started out as an amazing recording and sound invention and now has transformed into something huge. It started out as only few homes having phonographs to now all homes have at least some type of musical device (at least in America). I know my family has like 12 used and using musical devices, and this is not including our phones. Overall this is the best definition because it literally defines what has happened to the musical device world perfectly.
REFERENCE:
http://www.xtimeline.com/timeline/History-of-Music-Playing-Devices

Christina Michelle; Anything But An Introvert

Christina Michelle Jones

I'm a family girl...

I have fun...

I'm a little bit silly...

I worked for KUBE 93 and KISS FM this summer...

Overall...

I'm someone who works hard, but doesn't lose the fun of life while doing the work. I take every opportunity at hand and am always busy. People underestimate me, which gives me a head start in front of them. I am a fan of the city and love to travel. I've been to Victoria B.C., Venice, Rome, Florence, and Tamba, which is in Japan. I try to make a good first impression, and hope that my impression is this...I love my life, and with every obstacle I believe there is an opportunity that I will try to cease and succeed with.